516-0861/02 – Acoustics and Optics (AaO)
Gurantor department | Institute of Physics | Credits | 5 |
Subject guarantor | prof. RNDr. Petr Hlubina, CSc. | Subject version guarantor | prof. RNDr. Petr Hlubina, CSc. |
Study level | undergraduate or graduate | Requirement | Compulsory |
Year | 2 | Semester | summer |
| | Study language | Czech |
Year of introduction | 2007/2008 | Year of cancellation | 2015/2016 |
Intended for the faculties | FEI, HGF | Intended for study types | Bachelor |
Subject aims expressed by acquired skills and competences
Collect the basic physical principles and laws of acoustics and optics
Describe, clarify and interpret the particular natural phenomena in these fields of physics
Apply the simple mathematical methods for describing the corresponding physical phenomena
Illustrate obtained knowledge in the frame of the easy applications
Teaching methods
Lectures
Tutorials
Summary
Předmět navazuje na předmět Teorie elektromagnetického pole a rozvíjí jej v oblasti
šíření elektromagnetických vln celého vlnového rozsahu v homogenním dielektriku.
Po zákonech šíření elektromagnetických vln probírá geometrickou optiku a fotometrii.
Dále vysvětluje vznik záření a spekter na základě kvantové teorie. Z téhož pohledu
probírá záření černého tělesa a fotoefekt. V dalších kapitolách se zabývá vlnovými
vlastnostmi světla, interferencí a ohybem světla na různých objektech. Kapitola je
uzavřena výkladem principu holografie. Samostatné kapitoly jsou věnovány polarizaci
světla, Fourierově optice a základům teorie koherence. V druhém oddílu předmětu jsou
položeny základy akustiky jako mechanického vlnění. Nejdříve jsou definovány základní
akustické veličiny. Postupně pak jsou probírány jevy uplatňující se v diagnostice jako
rychlost šíření vln látkou, jejich odraz a lom, Dopplerův jev. Následuje výklad
vlastností zvuku a základy jeho šíření v exteriéru a interiéru.
Compulsory literature:
Kopečný, J.: Physics IIb, VŠB-TUO, Ostrava 2000;
Krupka, F., Kalivoda, L.: Physics, SNTL, Praha 1989;
Štrba, A.: Optics, Alfa, Bratislava 1979.
Recommended literature:
Hecht, E., Zajac,A.: Optics, Addiso-Wesley Pub. Com., London 1984;
Vrbová, M.a kol.: Lasers and modern optics, Prometheus, Praha 1994;
Obraz, J.: Ultrasonic testing of materials, SNTL, Praha 1989;
Way of continuous check of knowledge in the course of semester
E-learning
Other requirements
Systematic preparation for lectures.
Prerequisities
Subject has no prerequisities.
Co-requisities
Subject has no co-requisities.
Subject syllabus:
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
- Classification of waves: transverse and longitudinal waves, progressive and standing waves.
- Origin and basic properties of electromagnetic waves
-- Origin of electromagnetic waves: general Maxwell's equations, Maxwell's equations for isotropic dielectric, wave equation and its solutions for a planar wavefront, the speed of light. Types of waves, the complex representation.
-- The spectrum of electromagnetic waves: the distribution of the spectrum according to wavelength (frequency) and adequate sources.
-- Energy transmitted by electromagnetic waves: radiant energy, radiant energy density, radiation intensity, the average density radiant energy, the average intensity of radiation, Poynting vector.
-- Polarization: partial and complete polarization, linearly, circularly and elliptically polarized waves.
- Geometric Optics
- Basic conventions: geometric approximation, the beam wavefront, sign convention.
- Refractive index: definition, dependence on wavelength and temperature, the standard indices of refraction, the classification of optical glasses, normal and anomalous dispersion. Complex refractive index.
-- Laws of reflection and refraction: the principle of Huygens, Fermat's principle, impact angles, reflection and refraction, reflection law, Snell's law of refraction, total reflection. Plane-parallel plate, prism, wedge. Reflection at the quarry, a reflection on metals.
-- Fundamentals of optical imaging: basic concepts - optical system, real and virtual image, collinear display, optical axis, subject and image values, focus and focal plane, the main points and principal planes, transverse magnification, longitudinal and angle magnification. Views quarry on the spherical surface - the center of curvature, peak radius of curvature. Paraxial space, rendering equation, focal distance, converging and diffusing surface, the transverse magnification. Views reflection on the spherical surface - convex and concave mirror, the imaging equation mirrors, focal length, transverse magnification. Geometric design image. Views thick and thin lenses - a progressive view thick lens (paraxial space). Views thin lens imaging equation thin lens focal length, converging and diffusing lens, refractive power, transverse magnification. Geometric design image. Display a set of lenses. Restrictions of ray beams. Defects of display.
-- Basic optical devices: the human eye - the eye piece, close and distant point, the conventional visual distance, long-sighted and short-sighted eye, eye defects and their correction, resolution. Magnifier - a principle view, magnification. Microscope - principle views, lens and eyepiece, the optical range, magnification, empty magnification. Binoculars - the principle of view, lens and eyepiece, Galilei and Kepler type of mirror telescope, magnification. Photographic lens - aperture, depth of field, aperture.
- Photometry
-- Radiant and photometric quantities: radiant and luminous energy, radiant and luminous flux, luminous and spectral luminous efficacy of radiation, radiance and luminosity, radiance and brightness, exposure and lighting, Lambert law, light exposure.
- Wave properties of light
-- Interference of light: the principle of superposing waves, spatial and temporal coherence, coherence length. The principle of a rotating vector, the conditions maxima and minima, the reflection of waves, coherent length. Young's experiment, the interference on a thin layer wedge, Newton glass, Multibeam interference. Interferometers.
-- Diffraction of light: Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction. Fraunhofer diffraction at the slit, circular and square aperture, the diffraction on grating. Diffraction and resolution of optical instruments.
-- Holography: The object wave and information, recording of the hologram, reconstruction of the hologram, real and virtual image.
- Polarization of light: linearly, circularly and elliptically polarized light, the mathematical description of the Fresnel formulas. Methods of polarized light and phase shift. Partially polarized light. Optical activity. Interference of polarized light.
ACOUSTICS
- Mechanical waves: the emergence of mechanical waves, wave equation and its solution, transverse and longitudinal waves, progressive and standing waves.
- Sound waves
-- Basic concepts: dividing waves, the equation for displacement, velocity, acoustic velocity, wavefront, sound pressure, sound wave resistance, RMS intensity sound waves, types of sound waves.
-- The speed of wave propagation substance: longitudinal, transverse and surface waves in solid, liquid and gas. Attenuation of waves.
-- Reflection and refraction of waves: the coefficient of reflection and transmission factor.
-- Doppler effect: moving source, observer movement, the movement of both.
-- Properties of sound: musical sounds and noises. Basic and higher harmonic tone. Resonators, sound color.
-- Subjective power of sound: threshold. Weber - Fechner law. The level of intensity and volume level.
Conditions for subject completion
Occurrence in study plans
Occurrence in special blocks
Assessment of instruction