651-2054/01 – Fundamentals of Biochemistry (CAT/BCH)
| Gurantor department | Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes | Credits | 4 |
| Subject guarantor | prof. Dr. Mgr. Marek Šebela | Subject version guarantor | prof. Dr. Mgr. Marek Šebela |
| Study level | undergraduate or graduate | Requirement | Compulsory |
| Year | 2 | Semester | winter |
| | Study language | Czech |
| Year of introduction | 2022/2023 | Year of cancellation | |
| Intended for the faculties | FMT | Intended for study types | Bachelor |
Subject aims expressed by acquired skills and competences
The aim is to acquaint students with fundamental concepts of biochemistry, main metabolic pathways and principles of metabolic regulation. Competences acquired: the ability to define main biochemical concepts, to describe main metabolic pathways, to be familiar with regulation of metabolic pathways.
Teaching methods
Lectures
Summary
The course introduces molecules (amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, metabolites) and biopolymers (peptides, proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids) of living organisms. It primarily provides information about their structure, chemical properties and biological role. As regards to proteins, enzymes (including their coenzymes) are presented in detail. Fundamentals of enzyme kinetics are discussed. The term metabolism, including its energetic component, is explained. Basic metabolic pathways are presented: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and pentose phosphate pathway; citrate and glyoxylate cycles; respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation; degradation and biosynthesis of fatty acids; ketogenesis and cholesterol biosynthesis; degradation and biosynthesis of amino acids and nucleotides; light and dark phase of photosynthesis. Then the issues of transfer of hereditary information, i.e. DNA replication, transcription and translation (ribosomal production of proteins), are explained. Finally, modes of gene expression regulation are introduced along with information on the interconnection of metabolic pathways (metabolic integration) and their hormonal regulation.
Compulsory literature:
Recommended literature:
Way of continuous check of knowledge in the course of semester
Written exam.
E-learning
Other requirements
Requirements will be specified in lectures.
Prerequisities
Subject has no prerequisities.
Co-requisities
Subject has no co-requisities.
Subject syllabus:
Molecules and life. Significance and position of biochemistry among natural sciences. Historical profiling of biochemistry as a scientific discipline. Relationships of biochemistry to other chemical disciplines and physiology. Amino acids and peptides. Nomenclature of peptides. Peptide sequencing and synthesis. Naturally occurring peptides: hormones, antibiotics and toxins. Proteins. Periodical secondary structures of proteins: alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheet. Tertiary and quarternary structures of proteins. Allostery. Methods of determination of molecular mass of proteins. Protein assay methods. Enzymes. Classification and nomenclature of enzymes. Specificity and relationship to reaction equilibrium and activation energy. Factors influencing enzyme activity (pH, temperature, ionic strength). Enzyme kinetics. Michaelis-Menten equation, significance of the constant Km, methods of enzyme activity assay, activity units. Warburg optical test. Activation of enzymes. Reversible and irreversible inhibitions. Types of reversible inhibitions. Allosteric enzymes. Mechanism of enzyme action. Active site of enzymes. Zymogens. Coenzymes, cofactors, cosubstrates and prosthetic groups. Coenzymes of oxidoreductases (nicotinamides, flavins, lipoic acid and others). Coenzymes of transferases (TPP, biotin, coenzyme A). Function of pyridoxal phosphate. The role of vitamins with respect to coenzymes. Metabolism. Changes of free energy. Course of thermodynamically unfavored reactions. ATP and other macroergic phosphates. Structural base of the high ATP potential for group transfer. Glycolysis and alcohol fermentation. Conversions of pyruvate. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Citrate cycle. Glyoxylate cycle. Oxidative phosphorylation and respiration chain. Uncouplers and inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. Elucidation of the mechanism of ATP formation. Pentose phosphate cycle, regulation of pentose and hexose levels. Formation of NADPH. Metabolism of disaccharides and glycogen. Gluconeogenesis, regulation of saccharide level. The role of insulin and saccharides. Lipids. Membranes and membrane transport. Metabolism of fats and fatty acids. The role of carnithine in fatty acid penetration into mitochondrial matrix, degradation of saturated, unsaturated and branched fatty acids. Metabolism of ketonic compounds and their significance. Biosynthesis of fatty acids. Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols (fats) and cholesterol. Bile acids and steroid hormones. Biosynthesis and degradation of amino acids. Urea cycle. Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. Hormonal regulation of metabolic processes. Photosynthesis. C3 and C4 plants. Photorespiration. Calvin - Benson cycle. Components of nucleic acids. Biosynthesis and degradation of pyrimidine and purine nucleotides. Structure and function of DNA and RNA. Semiconservative replication of DNA. Genetic code. Functions of tRNA, mRNA and ribosomes. Procaryotic and eucaryotic biosynthesis of proteins. Inhibitors of protein biosynthesis. Regulation of gene expression. Catabolite repression, attenuation, riboswitches - change of mRNA structure. An outline of gene regulation in eukaryotes. Integration and regulation of mammalian energetic metabolism.
Conditions for subject completion
Occurrence in study plans
Occurrence in special blocks
Assessment of instruction
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