711-2103/01 – Philosophy (FIL)

Gurantor departmentDepartment of Social SciencesCredits2
Subject guarantorprof. PhDr. Jaromír Feber, CSc.Subject version guarantorprof. PhDr. Jaromír Feber, CSc.
Study levelundergraduate or graduateRequirementChoice-compulsory
Year1Semesterwinter
Study languageCzech
Year of introduction2014/2015Year of cancellation2021/2022
Intended for the facultiesFMTIntended for study typesBachelor
Instruction secured by
LoginNameTuitorTeacher giving lectures
FEB40 prof. PhDr. Jaromír Feber, CSc.
HAU40 prof. Dr. Mgr. Tomáš Hauer
ZEM0106 Mgr. Tomáš Zemčík, Ph.D.
Extent of instruction for forms of study
Form of studyWay of compl.Extent
Full-time Credit 0+2
Part-time Credit 10+0

Subject aims expressed by acquired skills and competences

The course introduces essential issues of contenporary philosophy. It resumes definition of a number of important concepts of social sciencerelated fields and analysis of broader word-view foundations.

Teaching methods

Tutorials

Summary

In the introduction the basic forms of understanding and interpretation of the word are analyzed. The course is especially focused on the philosophical antropology, on the social philosophy, on the philosophy of history and the basis issues of gnoseology.

Compulsory literature:

Feber, J.: Philosophycal anthropology. Ostrava 2003

Recommended literature:

Russell, B.: History of Western philosophy. London: Routledge 1996.

Way of continuous check of knowledge in the course of semester

written test

E-learning

Other requirements

Active presente on teaching. Present a paper.

Prerequisities

Subject has no prerequisities.

Co-requisities

Subject has no co-requisities.

Subject syllabus:

1. Philosophy and science 2. Philosophy and religion 3. Philosophy and ideology 4. Philosophical conceptions of human being 5. Structure of society 6. Social determinism 7. State and democracy 8. Human and society 9. Human and nature 10. Hunam activity/ies and consciousness 11. Gnoseology 12. Sensualism and rationalism 14. Ethics of science

Conditions for subject completion

Full-time form (validity from: 2014/2015 Winter semester, validity until: 2021/2022 Summer semester)
Task nameType of taskMax. number of points
(act. for subtasks)
Min. number of pointsMax. počet pokusů
Exercises evaluation Credit 85  85 3
Mandatory attendence participation:

Show history

Conditions for subject completion and attendance at the exercises within ISP:

Show history

Occurrence in study plans

Academic yearProgrammeBranch/spec.Spec.ZaměřeníFormStudy language Tut. centreYearWSType of duty
2021/2022 (B0214A270001) Art Foundry Engineering P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2021/2022 (B0712A130004) Chemical and environmental engineering P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2021/2022 (B0713A070001) Thermal energetics engineering K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2021/2022 (B0713A070001) Thermal energetics engineering P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2021/2022 (B0715A270006) Modern Production and Processing of Metallic Materials P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2021/2022 (B0715A270006) Modern Production and Processing of Metallic Materials K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2021/2022 (B0715A270007) Materials and technologies for the automotive industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2021/2022 (B0719A270001) Nanotechnology P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2021/2022 (B0488A270001) Quality Management and Control of Industrial Systems (S01) Economics and Management in Industry K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2021/2022 (B0488A270001) Quality Management and Control of Industrial Systems (S02) Quality Management P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2021/2022 (B0488A270001) Quality Management and Control of Industrial Systems (S01) Economics and Management in Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2021/2022 (B0488A270001) Quality Management and Control of Industrial Systems (S03) Computer Control Systems in Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2021/2022 (B0488A270001) Quality Management and Control of Industrial Systems (S02) Quality Management K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2021/2022 (B0488A270001) Quality Management and Control of Industrial Systems (S03) Computer Control Systems in Industry K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2021/2022 (B0715A270004) Materials Engineering P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2021/2022 (B0715A270004) Materials Engineering K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2021/2022 (B0715A270005) Materials technologies and recycling K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2021/2022 (B0715A270005) Materials technologies and recycling P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2020/2021 (B0214A270001) Art Foundry Engineering P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2020/2021 (B0488A270001) Quality Management and Control of Industrial Systems (S01) Economics and Management in Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2020/2021 (B0488A270001) Quality Management and Control of Industrial Systems (S02) Quality Management P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2020/2021 (B0488A270001) Quality Management and Control of Industrial Systems (S03) Computer Control Systems in Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2020/2021 (B0488A270001) Quality Management and Control of Industrial Systems (S03) Computer Control Systems in Industry K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2020/2021 (B0488A270001) Quality Management and Control of Industrial Systems (S01) Economics and Management in Industry K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2020/2021 (B0488A270001) Quality Management and Control of Industrial Systems (S02) Quality Management K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2020/2021 (B0712A130004) Chemical and environmental engineering P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2020/2021 (B0713A070001) Thermal energetics engineering K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2020/2021 (B0713A070001) Thermal energetics engineering P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2020/2021 (B0715A270004) Materials Engineering P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2020/2021 (B0715A270004) Materials Engineering K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2020/2021 (B0715A270005) Materials technologies and recycling P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2020/2021 (B0715A270005) Materials technologies and recycling K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2020/2021 (B0715A270006) Modern Production and Processing of Metallic Materials K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2020/2021 (B0715A270006) Modern Production and Processing of Metallic Materials P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2020/2021 (B0715A270007) Materials and technologies for the automotive industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2020/2021 (B0719A270001) Nanotechnology P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2019/2020 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R038) Modern Metallurgical Technologies K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2019/2020 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R039) Thermal Engineering and Ceramic Materials K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2019/2020 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R036) Advanced Engineering Materials K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2019/2020 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (6208R123) Economics and Management in Industry K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2019/2020 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R040) Automation and Computing in Industry K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2019/2020 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R062) Quality Management K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2019/2020 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R038) Modern Metallurgical Technologies P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2019/2020 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R039) Thermal Engineering and Ceramic Materials P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2019/2020 (B3909) Process Engineering (3909R014) Process Engineering and Quality Control Methods P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2019/2020 (B3909) Process Engineering (2805R002) Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2019/2020 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R034) Materials and Technologies for Automobile Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2019/2020 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R033) Material Recycling P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2019/2020 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R036) Advanced Engineering Materials P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2019/2020 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (6208R123) Economics and Management in Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2019/2020 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R040) Automation and Computing in Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2019/2020 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R062) Quality Management P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2019/2020 (B0488A270001) Quality Management and Control of Industrial Systems (S01) Economics and Management in Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2019/2020 (B0488A270001) Quality Management and Control of Industrial Systems (S01) Economics and Management in Industry K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2019/2020 (B0488A270001) Quality Management and Control of Industrial Systems (S02) Quality Management P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2019/2020 (B0488A270001) Quality Management and Control of Industrial Systems (S02) Quality Management K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2019/2020 (B0715A270007) Materials and technologies for the automotive industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2019/2020 (B0712A130004) Chemical and environmental engineering P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2019/2020 (B0715A270004) Materials Engineering P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2019/2020 (B0715A270004) Materials Engineering K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2019/2020 (B0713A070001) Thermal energetics engineering P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2019/2020 (B0715A270006) Modern Production and Processing of Metallic Materials P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2019/2020 (B0715A270006) Modern Production and Processing of Metallic Materials K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2019/2020 (B0713A070001) Thermal energetics engineering K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2019/2020 (B0488A270001) Quality Management and Control of Industrial Systems (S03) Computer Control Systems in Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2019/2020 (B0488A270001) Quality Management and Control of Industrial Systems (S03) Computer Control Systems in Industry K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2019/2020 (B0715A270005) Materials technologies and recycling P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2019/2020 (B0715A270005) Materials technologies and recycling K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2019/2020 (B0214A270001) Art Foundry Engineering P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2019/2020 (B0719A270001) Nanotechnology P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory type B study plan
2018/2019 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R034) Materials and Technologies for Automobile Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2018/2019 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R033) Material Recycling P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2018/2019 (B3909) Process Engineering (3909R014) Process Engineering and Quality Control Methods P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2018/2019 (B3909) Process Engineering (2805R002) Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2018/2019 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R036) Advanced Engineering Materials P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2018/2019 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R038) Modern Metallurgical Technologies P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2018/2019 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R039) Thermal Engineering and Ceramic Materials P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2018/2019 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (6208R123) Economics and Management in Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2018/2019 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R040) Automation and Computing in Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2018/2019 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R062) Quality Management P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2018/2019 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R038) Modern Metallurgical Technologies K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2018/2019 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R039) Thermal Engineering and Ceramic Materials K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2018/2019 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R036) Advanced Engineering Materials K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2018/2019 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (6208R123) Economics and Management in Industry K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2018/2019 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R040) Automation and Computing in Industry K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2018/2019 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R062) Quality Management K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2017/2018 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R038) Modern Metallurgical Technologies P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2017/2018 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R039) Thermal Engineering and Ceramic Materials P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2017/2018 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R036) Advanced Engineering Materials P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2017/2018 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R034) Materials and Technologies for Automobile Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2017/2018 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R033) Material Recycling P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2017/2018 (B3909) Process Engineering (3909R014) Process Engineering and Quality Control Methods P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2017/2018 (B3909) Process Engineering (2805R002) Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2017/2018 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (6208R123) Economics and Management in Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2017/2018 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R040) Automation and Computing in Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2017/2018 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R062) Quality Management P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2017/2018 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R038) Modern Metallurgical Technologies K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2017/2018 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R039) Thermal Engineering and Ceramic Materials K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2017/2018 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R036) Advanced Engineering Materials K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2017/2018 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (6208R123) Economics and Management in Industry K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2017/2018 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R062) Quality Management K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2017/2018 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R040) Automation and Computing in Industry K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2016/2017 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R038) Modern Metallurgical Technologies P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2016/2017 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R039) Thermal Engineering and Ceramic Materials P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2016/2017 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R036) Advanced Engineering Materials P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2016/2017 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R034) Materials and Technologies for Automobile Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2016/2017 (B3909) Process Engineering (3909R014) Process Engineering and Quality Control Methods P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2016/2017 (B3909) Process Engineering (2805R002) Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2016/2017 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R062) Quality Management P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2016/2017 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (6208R123) Economics and Management in Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2016/2017 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R040) Automation and Computing in Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2016/2017 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R033) Material Recycling P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2016/2017 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R038) Modern Metallurgical Technologies K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2016/2017 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R039) Thermal Engineering and Ceramic Materials K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2016/2017 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R036) Advanced Engineering Materials K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2016/2017 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (6208R123) Economics and Management in Industry K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2016/2017 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R062) Quality Management K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2016/2017 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R040) Automation and Computing in Industry K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2015/2016 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R038) Modern Metallurgical Technologies K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2015/2016 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R039) Thermal Engineering and Ceramic Materials K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2015/2016 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R036) Advanced Engineering Materials K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2015/2016 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (6208R123) Economics and Management in Industry K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2015/2016 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R040) Automation and Computing in Industry K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2015/2016 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R062) Quality Management K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2015/2016 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R038) Modern Metallurgical Technologies P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2015/2016 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R039) Thermal Engineering and Ceramic Materials P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2015/2016 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R036) Advanced Engineering Materials P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2015/2016 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R034) Materials and Technologies for Automobile Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2015/2016 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R033) Material Recycling P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2015/2016 (B3909) Process Engineering (3909R014) Process Engineering and Quality Control Methods P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2015/2016 (B3909) Process Engineering (2805R002) Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2015/2016 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (6208R123) Economics and Management in Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2015/2016 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R040) Automation and Computing in Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2015/2016 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R062) Quality Management P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2014/2015 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (6208R123) Economics and Management in Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2014/2015 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R040) Automation and Computing in Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2014/2015 (B3909) Process Engineering (2805R001) Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2014/2015 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R033) Material Recycling P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2014/2015 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R034) Materials and Technologies for Automobile Industry P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2014/2015 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R038) Modern Metallurgical Technologies P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2014/2015 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R039) Thermal Engineering and Ceramic Materials P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2014/2015 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R036) Advanced Engineering Materials P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2014/2015 (B3909) Process Engineering (3909R014) Process Engineering and Quality Control Methods P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2014/2015 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R062) Quality Management P Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2014/2015 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (6208R123) Economics and Management in Industry K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2014/2015 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R040) Automation and Computing in Industry K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2014/2015 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R038) Modern Metallurgical Technologies K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2014/2015 (B2109) Metallurgical Engineering (2109R039) Thermal Engineering and Ceramic Materials K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2014/2015 (B3923) Materials Engineering (3911R036) Advanced Engineering Materials K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan
2014/2015 (B3922) Economics and Management of Industrial Systems (3902R062) Quality Management K Czech Ostrava 1 Choice-compulsory study plan

Occurrence in special blocks

Block nameAcademic yearForm of studyStudy language YearWSType of blockBlock owner

Assessment of instruction



2019/2020 Winter
2014/2015 Summer
2014/2015 Winter